ConstReadonlybicarbonate: 61.016HCO₃⁻ = 1.008 + 12.011 + 3 × 15.999.
Readonlycalcium: 40.078Ca²⁺.
ReadonlycalciumCarbonate: 100.086CaCO₃, the reference substance alkalinity and hardness are reported against.
Readonlycarbonate: 60.008CO₃²⁻.
Readonlychloride: 35.453Cl⁻.
Readonlyhydroxide: 17.007OH⁻.
ReadonlylacticAcid: 90.078Lactic acid, C₃H₆O₃. The acidulated-malt model in ./mashPh uses it.
Readonlymagnesium: 24.305Mg²⁺.
Readonlysodium: 22.98977Na⁺.
Readonlysulfate: 96.056SO₄²⁻ = 32.06 + 4 × 15.999.
Readonlywater: 18.015H₂O, for hydrate stoichiometry.
Standard atomic/molecular masses, g/mol (IUPAC 2021).